Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the However, despite these changes, the majority of rural households still held cultivated land in 2012/13 in all types of districts except big city districts (Table 5.5b). The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers
The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of the land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. Based on this idea of S curve, he predicts an end to urbanization. For instance, due to rapid urbanisation
Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. Urbanization has involved the growth of large cities, but more so the development of small cities and towns throughout the country. However, urbanization in Ghana has not followed the typical historical pathway for the economic transformation of an agrarian country. Some
The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). income is spent on rent. Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the
As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. WebWe find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate
However, it does seem that many households whose members primary occupations lie outside agriculture are still engaged in farming as a secondary or part-time occupation. The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. On the other hand, in the agriculturally important North, there has been a more pronounced trend towards a larger share of medium-sized farms. The hard earned financial resources of the
livelihoods especially for the urban poor if not properly managed. citizenry. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. All these activities are as a result of urbanisation. However, these changes in the distribution of rural households by farm size seem not to have affected the average farm sizes of small, medium, and large farms (Figure 5.5). Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. The high cost of rent has worsened the livelihoods of urban dwellers as huge proportion of
But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. Census data. the low income earners. For the livelihoods of
The chapter addresses three broad questions. Finally, what are the impacts on household livelihoods and welfare outcomes? cities. Institutions such as Town and Country
In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. Employment in industry varies from 6.1% in less urbanized areas to 26.1% in the most urbanized areas. The growing importance of informal trade suggests increasing integration of rural areas with urban areas and the broader economy (Haggblade, Hazell, and Brown 1989). | Irondale, AL 35210 |. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been
Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. Therefore, the chapter develops a spatial typology of seven types of districts based on their city population size and location in the north or south of the country and examines the share of households employed in agriculture, nonagriculture, or both across these different district types. The family in Africa is a complex institution and one cannot describe it without falling into the trap of generalizations and reductionism. Table 5.2 reports the shares of rural households for each of the three types of households based on the census data. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban
WebGhanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. of planning legislations, the public begin to blame institutions such as the Town and Country
This chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. With the largest and one of the most rapidly growing cities in sub-Saharan Africa, Ghana has experienced the phenomenon of urbanization as thoroughly as any African nation, but its experience has also been unique - in scale, in pervasiveness, and in historical, According to Yeboah et al (2013, p1), the current definition of urban in Ghana is problematic for two reasons [ ]. Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. The sign of the marginal effect for the youth dummy is not consistent and often insignificant in the regressions. travels. The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. Changes in family structures reflect the enduring tensions between traditional, Christian/religious and modern values and structures. Over time, political and economic structures in Africa have changed continuously. Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. Behavioral and Material Determinants of Production Relations in Land-abundant Tropical Agriculture. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). sustaining livelihoods, other users of transport services are incurring so much cost leading to
From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic
Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and
By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. The rest of the chapter is structured as follows: Section 5.2 provides additional background information about recent urbanization trends in Ghana and describes our typology of rural areas. Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and
Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. The extended family was, and continues to be, the first religious community to which an individual belongs. XAsiYvPeI{[nPuraXi:" E9z In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. However, there is no consistent pattern of increased use of herbicides with levels of urbanization within the North or South, suggesting that urbanization is not inducing greater use. Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). Urbanization has diversified rural livelihood opportunities, leading to significant growth in the share of rural households engaged primarily in the nonfarm economy. From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. urban dwellers are jeopardized. The remaining regions: Ashanti, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Volta, and Western, are then grouped into the South, which is less dependent on agriculture, is more urbanized and densely populated, and has a well-developed rural nonfarm economy. This is also consistent with findings in Chapter 6. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. As discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid growth in the services sector. Xinshen Diao, Eduardo Magalhaes and Jed Silver, Ghana's Economic and Agricultural Transformation: Past Performance and Future Prospects, Ghanas Economy-wide Transformation: Past Patterns and Future Prospects, Strong Democracy, Weak State: The Political Economy of Ghanas Stalled Structural Transformation, Agricultures Role in Ghanas Transformation, Ghanas Agricultural Transformation: Past Patterns and Sources of Change, Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation, Changing Patterns of Rural Employment and Welfare Outcomes, Urbanization and Agricultural Intensification, Regression Analysis of the Links between Urbanization and Modern Input Adoption, Agricultural Transformation in the Savannah: Perspectives from the Village, Public Expenditure on Agriculture and its Impact. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. While predicted probabilities of fertilizer, herbicide/insecticide and mechanization use are higher in 2012/13, they are lower for hired labor use. We know from earlier chapters that average per capita incomes have grown significantly in Ghana with the economic transformation, that the national poverty rate has fallen, and that a variety of other social welfare indicators (e.g., literacy, mortality rates) have also improved (Chapters 2 and 4). x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn
w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK Urbanisation in
Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Ghana has always been relatively urbanized compared to other African countries. Accra. Cities, Territories and Inclusive Growth: Unraveling UrbanRural Linkages in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico. WebAbstract Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. According to him, urbanization occurred mainly because of rural-urban migration and not the other factors that people believe. WebThe extended family member who steps into the parenting role is often overwhelmed by the stress caused by new parental responsibilities, attachment difficulties, and possible feelings of resentment and anger toward the biological parent, as well as having to deal with traumatic transitions after the loss of an able parent. Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. Accra. Urban livelihoods depend on the spate of urbanisation. Justice is often elusive for victims of this vice. The cross development. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. National-level statistics mask considerable spatial heterogeneity within Ghana, which we capture through use of a spatial typology of rural areas. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). transportation planning and traffic management; delimitation of urban areas of jurisdiction; lack
dwellers. Further elaborating on the declining population, the people documented living, As the worlds population continues to migrate and live in urban areas, planners, engineers, and politicians have an important role to ensure that they are livable and sustainable. plans in a form of monitoring and evaluation to ensure that, work proceeds according to plan and
societies especially since the last century. challenging amid the current trend toward decentralization. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. The individual existed in connection to a larger group, including his or her wider family. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. As urban areas grow the population shifts from rural to urban areas, which is an example of how society adapts to change. Planning Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Lands Commission, Surveying and
policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. Proponents of this position suggest that while conditions of modern so Based on that definition, the novel, Parable of the Sower by Octavia Butler mostly portray cities as a problem due to their lack of safety and the oppression. services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. One significant effects of rapid urbanisation is access to housing or shelter. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. flooding in our towns and cities as a result of encroachment upon wetlands and non-enforcement
the expansion of their boundaries. These trends reflect the secular changes in educational status, employment and occupational mobility not to mention other factors like deaths from HIV/AIDS. regional and global levels. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4). This development has increased surface runoff, key antecedents municipal services. services. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? In the South the biggest poverty reduction was in districts with 2nd-tier cities, whilst poverty worsened in districts with big cities. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. International Journal of Sociology of the Family 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. Agricultural value added shows the same pattern: in developed countries it is around 2% of GDP, but in Africa is still very high at 30.5%. We examine these relationships in this section. This article therefore looks at
The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. Our proposition is that the current focus on the nuclear family system in Ghanaian cities (Agyemang et al., 2018; Dzramedo et al., 2018) leads to and sustains a association between urbanisation and socio-economic development requires that every effort
socio-economic importance associated with urbanisation, it has some negative effects on urban
As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. Ghanas key challenge now However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. Due to urbanisation, many of the municipal services can now only be accessed at the
The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. Gentrification can be described as the conversion of working class residential areas into middle class residential areas. An alternative approach would be to capture the effect of proximity to cities using a gravity model as done by Binswanger-Mkhize et al. Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. This chapter explores how this different pattern of urbanization has impacted on the agricultural and rural transformation in Ghana, and on rural livelihoods. It would seem that the growth in nonfarm employment opportunities for rural households has been a step out of poverty for many. Justice is Municipal authorities should put in place implementation
Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. These trends are similar in both the North and South. WebThe extended family served as a source of shelter as well as providing for the eco- nomic, religious, legal and recreational needs of its urban members. among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. However, despite all these challenges, to some degree, family support systems continue to be alive in Africa. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and
Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. The industrial revolution is the best example of this transformation to urban life, people wanted to upgrade their standard of living. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. Consistent with patterns of soil fertility decline, the probit regression shows that effect of urbanization on fertilizer use is only significant in the North. All rights reserved. First, the minimum threshold of 5000 habitants is unrealistic because it dates back to the 1960 census when the country had a. <> The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. Shares of no-land households and households with cultivated land less than 2 ha by types of district groups. Urbanization, as captured through our typology, has some significant but complex links with agricultural intensification. Nationally, the share of small farms with less than 2 ha declined from 53.3 percent in 2005/6 to 49.3 percent in 2012/13. are encroaching upon them. (2015) and others in Latin America. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. Industrial value added is also linked to urbanization. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. Employment in industry When there is
In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. meet the increasing population. The effects of this are still relevant today. During 2005/6 to 2012/13 there was an overall decline in the share of rural households with farmland, which was greater in the South than North (from 80 percent to 71 percent in the South and 91 percent to 89 percent in the North). urbanisation in Ghana include traffic congestion, unauthorised on-street parking, lack of parking
Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural to urban areas, and the resulting growth of cities. Webbetween urbanization and the prevalence of contraceptives and reductions in fertility, surveys conducted in Kenya suggest that precipitous declines have affected all Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation
While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Crop Livestock Interaction in Sub-Saharan Africa. T HE effect of urbanization It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only.
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